Cost reduction of nat connection state keep-alive

ABSTRACT

Keep-alive processing for NAT devices and reducing power consumption in wireless clients. A server driven keep-alive mechanism facilitates keep-alive messages to a NAT device currently providing a connection to a mobile client to refresh the NAT state, thereby reducing or eliminating power consumption in a wireless device to respond to the connection with keep-alive packets. In one instance, keep-alive packets are sent to the NAT device to reset the NAT timeout timer, and then to the mobile client. The client responds only when expected keep-alive packets are not received at the client. In another instance, keep-alive packets reset the NAT timer to maintain the connection but are dropped or self-destruct before reaching the mobile client thereby providing the optimum power conservation in the mobile device. Thus, the client is not forced into extra client activity to send or receive wireless data, thereby draining the battery.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of pending patent application Ser.No. 11/716,929 entitled “COST REDUCTION OF NAT CONNECTION STATEKEEP-ALIVE” and filed Mar. 12, 2007.

BACKGROUND

Technological advances in computing devices and networking facilitateaccess to a wide variety of information and services allowing accessfrom virtually anywhere in the world. Virtual offices are becoming morepopular since the work that needs to be done can be performed from mostlocations. For example, home networks are becoming more commonplace asresidents acquire more communications and/or computing devices foraccessing networks. Similarly, businesses employ subnetworks behindrouters for intranet services. Rather than subscribe to separate IPaddresses for each network device, a technique called network addresstranslation (NAT) allows multiple IP nodes behind the router to share asingle public IP address. In other words, a standard is provided thatallows one set of unregistered IP addresses to be used for internalnetwork traffic and another set of IP address to be used for external orpublic traffic. This allows internal network addresses to be shieldedfrom public access (e.g., via the Internet).

A NAT router, for example, includes an outside interface to the publicnetwork and an inside interface to the internal network or domain. Whena packet leaves the domain, the NAT device translates the local sourceaddress into a globally unique address for use on, for example, theInternet. When a packet enters the domain from the Internet, the NATrouter translates the globally unique address into a local address. Whena sharing node of the domain sends outbound traffic, the NAT forwardsthe traffic and creates a reverse mapping entry for the sharing node inan address mapping and/or port mapping database or table. This reverseentry is used to redirect responses back into the domain to the correctsharing node.

Typically, NAT devices employ a timeout timer having a configurabletimeout period for mapping state. If a specific entry is not used byinbound or outbound traffic for longer than the timeout period, a NATtimer expires and the entry is purged. Once the entry is purged, thesharing node behind the NAT can no longer be reached over thisconnection and a new connection must be initiated (e.g., by the sharingnode). A common mechanism to prevent the NAT timer from timing out (orexpiring) is known as “keep-alive” or “heartbeat” processing. Underkeep-alive, useless traffic is generated over the connection at shorterintervals than the NAT timeout period to reset the timer and thereby,keep the connection active. When it comes to portable devices that usebattery power as the principal power source (e.g., smart phones)conventional keep-alive techniques drain device battery life andgenerate significant wireless activity to keep the connection alive.

SUMMARY

The following presents a simplified summary in order to provide a basicunderstanding of some novel embodiments described herein. This summaryis not an extensive overview, and it is not intended to identifykey/critical elements or to delineate the scope thereof. Its solepurpose is to present some concepts in a simplified form as a prelude tothe more detailed description that is presented later.

The disclosed architecture provides a technique whereby a server drivenkeep-alive mechanism facilitates keep-alive messages to a NAT devicecurrently providing a connection to a client to refresh the NAT state.Accordingly, the cost associated with power consumption by abattery-powered mobile device, for example, on the connection and in theprivate network is reduced by not requiring the client to transmitkeep-alive packets or to respond at all. In other words, the serverfacilitates keep-alive management to the NAT device currently providingthe connection thereby reducing or eliminating power consumption in thewireless device.

In one methodology, keep-alive packets are sent to the NAT device toreset the NAT timeout timer, and then to the mobile client. The clientresponds only when expected keep-alive packets are not received at theclient. In another methodology, keep-alive packets reset the NAT timerto maintain the connection but are dropped or self-destruct beforereaching the mobile client thereby providing the optimum powerconservation in the mobile device. Thus, the client is not forced intoextra client activity to send or receive wireless data, thereby drainingthe battery.

In yet another implementation, the keep-alive server interrogates theNAT device and determines which methodology to employ for the NATdevice. Additionally, connection keep-alive can be managed by switchingbetween the methodologies based on current performance of theconnection.

To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, certainillustrative aspects of the disclosed architecture are described hereinin connection with the following description and the annexed drawings.These aspects are indicative, however, of but a few of the various waysin which the principles disclosed herein can be employed and is intendedto include all such aspects and their equivalents. Other advantages andnovel features will become apparent from the following detaileddescription when considered in conjunction with the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a computer-implemented system that facilitateskeep-alive connection management in a network boundary component.

FIG. 2 illustrates a method of managing a communications connection in anetwork boundary component.

FIG. 3 illustrates an alternative system that employs type detection andselection based on interrogation of a NAT device by a server.

FIG. 4 illustrates a system for managing multiple NAT deviceconnections.

FIG. 5 illustrates a method of maintaining a connection using a NATdevice.

FIG. 6 illustrates a method of maintaining a connection using a NATdevice and a NACK of an internal device.

FIG. 7 illustrates a method of terminating packet life at the NATdevice.

FIG. 8 illustrates a method of selecting keep-alive packet processingbased on NAT device capabilities.

FIG. 9 illustrates a method of switching between keep-alive packet usagebased on success or failure of the connection at the NAT device.

FIG. 10 illustrates a block diagram of a computing system operable toexecute keep-alive packet processing in accordance the disclosedarchitecture.

FIG. 11 illustrates a schematic block diagram of an exemplary computingenvironment for keep-alive packet processing in accordance the disclosedarchitecture.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The architecture is a technique for keeping a connection alive betweenan external network (e.g., the Internet) and a mobile-capablebattery-powered device (e.g., a cell phone, portable computer) of aprivate network (e.g., a home, intranet, Mobile Operator networks) via anetwork address translation (NAT) component (e.g., a NAT device). Theexternal network (e.g., a server) sends keep-alive packets to the NATcomponent to reset a timer thereby maintaining the connection throughthe NAT component. Accordingly, the mobile-capable device does not needto expend extra power and network traffic to keep the connection alivethereby reducing the costs associated with device power expenditure andnetwork traffic.

In one implementation, the keep-alive packets are passed through the NATcomponent to the mobile-capable device. If the device fails to receivethe packets, only then does the device respond to the external network(e.g., via the NAT component or via out-of-band (OOB) signaling) to sendkeep-alive packets to maintain the connection. In anotherimplementation, keep-alive packets are sent to the NAT component, only,and not to the mobile-capable device. The packets decay or are droppedafter use in the NAT component. Accordingly, the mobile-capable deviceexpends no energy at all.

Reference is now made to the drawings, wherein like reference numeralsare used to refer to like elements throughout. In the followingdescription, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details areset forth in order to provide a thorough understanding thereof. It maybe evident, however, that the novel embodiments can be practiced withoutthese specific details. In other instances, well-known structures anddevices are shown in block diagram form in order to facilitate adescription thereof.

Referring initially to the drawings, FIG. 1 illustrates acomputer-implemented system 100 that facilitates connection managementin a network boundary component 102. The system 100 includes theboundary component 102 for translating addresses and/or ports betweendisparate networks. The boundary component 102 facilitates a connectionbetween a private client 104 of an internal network 106 (e.g., theinternal network 106 having addresses as defined in RFC 1918) and anexternal network 108 (e.g., the Internet). The boundary component 102can be a network address translation (NAT) device or network addressport translation (NAPT) device, for example. As used herein, NAT will beused to refer to both NAT and NAPT devices.

The system 100 can also include a network keep-alive component 110(e.g., a server, web server, application server) of the external network108 for sending one or more unidirectional keep-alive packet(s) to theboundary component 102 and maintaining the connection to the privateclient 104 based on the keep-alive packet. In other words, onlykeep-alive packets received from the network component 110 are processedto reset a timeout timer of the boundary component 102.

In an alternative embodiment, keep-alive packets sent from the networkcomponent 110 are processed by the boundary component 102, but decay orself-destruct thereafter such that the private client 104 does not needto expend energy processing the packets. However, if the private client104 is configured to expect receipt of the keep-alive packets,non-receipt thereof will trigger the client 104 to respond such that theboundary component 102 and/or the network component 110 issuing thekeep-alive packets react accordingly (e.g., resend or issue alert).

In conventional approaches, keep-alive messages are bidirectional(perform round trip) such that the messages “hit” the NAT device (e.g.,boundary component 102) twice—once from client (e.g., private client104) to server (e.g., network component 110) and then from server toclient. However, a substantial number of NAT devices refresh connectiontimeout state based on unidirectional messages coming from the Internet(e.g., server) as long as those messages reflect the appropriate 5-tupleassociated with the connection (e.g., protocol number, source IP, sourceport, destination IP and destination port). This means that noacknowledgement is required from the client to confirm reception of thekeep-alive packets, and therefore, reduced power consumption in abattery-powered client. To conserve battery life, the client can performnegative acknowledgement (NACK) if the server keep-alive message(s) arenot received, but stay silent if the keep-alive messages are received.

An enhanced advanced mechanism can eliminate the need for the client torespond at all (e.g., eliminating the need for reception, positiveacknowledgements or negative acknowledgements). Here, the keep-aliveserver identifies the NAT device (e.g., via an IP address), computes thenTTL (time-to-live), which is the minimal TTL for reaching the device(e.g., a simple way to compute this value is to compare the original TTLof a packet sent by the client with the TTL observed by the receivingserver—assuming routes are symmetric, this value represents the TTLneeded to deliver a packet in the reverse direction, from the server tothe client). The server sets the TTL value on the keep-alive messages tonTTL-1 such that the packet is likely to be dropped due to TTL=0 beforeit hits the client. In Internet protocol (IP), a packet's TTL valuedetermines how far (in terms of an approximate number of routers) thispacket should travel before the packet is dropped. Each time the IPpacket is processed through a router, its TTL value is decremented by 1.Eventually, when a packet is received with a TTL=0, it is not forwarded.The TTL mechanism prevents old or useless “zombie” packets fromcirculating unnecessarily over the network.

Excluding the client from any involvement has clear advantages: zeroclient battery drain or added transmission bits for keep-alive messagesalso means that the client is not sensitive to the frequency of thekeep-alive messages. The server can send keep-alive messages morerapidly and improve overall resiliency.

Although, in this approach, there is no direct mechanism to confirm thesuccessful NAT refresh operation, the reliability of wired networks isso high that there is virtually no need for an acknowledgement from theclient—the server can send keep-alive messages according to a“fire-and-forget” mode. This is even more the case when the serversubstantially increases the frequency of keep-alive beyond the maximumNAT timeout. Note that the actual application data being sent via theboundary component 102 (or on the wire) serves as an implicitconfirmation of the state of the connection. Moreover, the keep-alivemechanism described herein does not need to cover general connectivityfailures such as the loss of GPRS (general packet radio service)connectivity as this is detected and handled by the client 104.

FIG. 2 illustrates a method of managing a communications connection.While, for purposes of simplicity of explanation, the one or moremethodologies shown herein, for example, in the form of a flow chart orflow diagram, are shown and described as a series of acts, it is to beunderstood and appreciated that the subject architecture is not limitedby the order of acts, as some acts may, in accordance therewith, occurin a different order and/or concurrently with other acts from that shownand described herein. For example, those skilled in the art willunderstand and appreciate that a methodology could alternatively berepresented as a series of interrelated states or events, such as in astate diagram. Moreover, not all acts illustrated in a methodology maybe required for a novel implementation.

At 200, a communications connection is established between an externalnetwork and a wireless device of an internal network via a networkboundary component. At 202, a keep-alive packet is received from theexternal network into the network boundary component. At 204, aconnection timer is reset based on the keep-alive packet. At 206, theconnection between the external network and the wireless device via thenetwork boundary component is maintained based on the keep-alive packetbeing received, and only from the external network. In other words,there is no longer any need to receive keep-alive packets from a sourceother than the external network. This means that the wireless device(e.g., a cell phone) running only on battery power will not need to bebrought to a full power state to send or return keep-alive packets, asin conventional architectures. This conserves battery power, and reducesnetwork traffic.

At least two types of keep-alive processes can be implemented: a firsttype (Type 1) where the keep-alive packets are sent by the serverthrough to the private client, such that the client responds only when akeep-alive packet is not received; and a second type (Type 2), where thepackets are terminated at the boundary component.

FIG. 3 illustrates an alternative system 300 that employs type detectionand selection based on interrogation of a NAT device 302 by server 304.The server 304 includes a type component 306 for communicating with andreading type data 308 of the NAT device 302. For example, if the typedata 308 indicates that the NAT device is a second type (or Type 2)device, where keep-alive packets are sent to the NAT device 302 andterminated such that no such packets are sent to the client 104. If nota Type 2 device, the server 304 automatically defaults to a Type 1device where keep-alive packets are sent from the server 304 to the NATdevice 302, and then to the client 104. If the client 104 fails toreceive expected packets, the client 104 will respond with a NACK, forexample, back to the server 304. The server 304 will then sendadditional keep-alive packets.

FIG. 4 illustrates a system 400 for managing multiple NAT connections.Multiple battery-powered mobile clients 402 (denoted MOBILE CLIENT₁,MOBILE CLIENT₂ and MOBILE CLIENT₃) operate in the private network usingNAT to communicate with the external network (e.g., the Internet andassociated cellular networks) via a NAT device 404. A server 406 in thepublic network provides keep-alive packets via a server connectioncomponent 408 to the NAT device 404 to maintain one or more ofconnections 410 (denoted CONNECT₁, CONNECT₂ and CONNECT₃) operating viathe NAT device 404. For example, the server 406 sends keep-alive packets(KA₁) to the NAT device 404 to maintain a first connection 412 for afirst mobile client 414.

In this example, the first connection keep-alive packets KA₁ for thefirst connection 412 can be sent from the server 406 through the NATdevice 404 to the first mobile client 414. Upon receipt of the packets,the NAT device 404 processes the packets such that a NAT timeoutcomponent 405 manages timeouts associated with the first connectionthereby maintaining the first connection 412. At the first client 414,the first keep-alive packets KA₁ are expected by the first client 414 tobe received. When the first client 414 detects that the keep-alivepackets KA₁ are not being received, the first client 414 can send a NACKto the NAT device 404, and therefrom, to the server 406 indicating thatthe first keep-alive packets KA₁ are not being received. The serverconnection component 408 can then ensure that keep-alive packets KA₁ arebeing sent through the first connection 412. As illustrated, the firstmobile client 414 is operating wirelessly with the NAT device 404 (e.g.,a wireless router or gateway).

The NAT device 404 maintains a second connection 416 for a second mobileclient 418 by receiving second keep-alive packets (KA₂). Upon receipt ofthe packets, the NAT device 404 processes the packets such that the NATtimeout component 405 manages timeouts associated with the secondconnection 416 thereby maintaining the second connection 416. The secondpackets KA₂ are forwarded to the second client 418 over a tetheredconnection (e.g., a USB-universal serial bus). Where this is anunpowered connection that does not charge or provide power to the clientbattery source, battery power conservation is desired. When the secondclient 418 detects that the keep-alive packets KA₂ are not beingreceived, the second client 418 can send a NACK to the NAT device 404,and therefrom, to the server 406 indicating that the second keep-alivepackets KA₂ are not being received. The server connection component 408can then ensure that keep-alive packets KA₂ are being sent through thesecond connection 416. As illustrated, the second mobile client 418 iscommunicating over a tether, yet powered by the onboard battery source.

The NAT device 404 maintains a third connection 420 for a third mobileclient 422 by receiving third keep-alive packets (KA₃). Upon receipt ofthe packets, the NAT device 404 processes the packets such that the NATtimeout component 405 manages timeouts associated with the thirdconnection 620 thereby maintaining the third connection 420. The thirdpackets KA₃ are forwarded to the third client 422 over a wirelessconnection. When the third client 422 detects that the third keep-alivepackets KA₃ are not being received, the third client 422 can send a NACKto the NAT device 404, and therefrom, to the server 406 indicating thatthe third keep-alive packets KA₃ are not being received. The serverconnection component 408 can then ensure that third keep-alive packetsKA₃ are being sent through the third connection 420. Here, the thirdkeep-alive packets KA₃ are not forwarded from the NAT device 404 to thethird client 422. The NAT device 404 operates to process the receivedthird keep-alive packets KA₃ such that the packets KA₃ are terminated(or dropped or self destruct) at the private network interfaceprecluding the third client 422 from receiving the packets KA₃. Insupport thereof, the NAT device 404 can be configured (e.g., insoftware) to automatically decrement the nTTL value of the keep-alivepacket (after resetting the timeout component 405) at the privatenetwork interface to a value that causes the packet to be dropped beforeexiting the NAT device and reaching the third mobile client 422.

It is to be understood that although only one server, server 406, isshown, multiple servers can be employed to each send keep-alive packetsfor the corresponding connections to maintain NAT device state. Forexample, a first keep-alive server can be sending packets to maintainstate for the first connection 412 and a second keep-alive server can besending packets to the NAT device to maintain state for the secondconnection 416.

FIG. 5 illustrates a method of maintaining a connection using a NATdevice. At 500, an IP connection is established through a NAT devicebetween an external network and an internal device of an internalnetwork. At 502, a keep-alive packet is received at the NAT device fromthe external network. At 504, a connection timer in the NAT device isreset according to each receipt and processing of a keep-alive packet.At 506, the keep-alive packet is forwarded to the internal device. At508, the connection is maintained at the NAT device based on receipt ofthe keep-alive packets being received only from the external network.

FIG. 6 illustrates a method of maintaining a connection using a NATdevice and a NACK of an internal device. At 600, an IP connection isestablished through a NAT device between an external network and aninternal device of an internal network, the internal device operating onbattery power. At 602, a keep-alive packet is received at the NAT devicefrom the external network. At 604, a connection timer in the NAT deviceis reset according to each receipt and processing of a keep-alivepacket. At 606, the keep-alive packet is forwarded to the internaldevice. At 608, the internal device sends a NACK only when a keep-alivepacket is not received. At 610, the external network sends a keep-alivepacket to the NAT device based on the NACK. At 612, the connection ismaintained at the NAT device based on receipt of the keep-alive packetscoming only from the external network.

FIG. 7 illustrates a method of terminating packet life at the NATdevice. At 700, an external server with keep-alive functionalityidentifies the NAT device IP address. At 702, the server computes theTTL to the NAT device. At 704, the server configures the keep-alive timeof the packets to include the TTL. At 706, a communications connectionis established through the NAT device between a communications serverand mobiles device of an internal network. At 708, the server sendskeep-alive packets to the NAT device to maintain the connection. At 710,the NAT device resets the NAT timer or each keep-alive packet receivedand drops or terminates the packets before the packets reach the mobileclient. At 712, the connection is maintained at the NAT device based onreceipt of keep-alive packets received only from the external server.

FIG. 8 illustrates a method of selecting keep-alive packet processingbased on NAT device capabilities. At 800, a server receives acommunications request for an internal mobile device. At 802, the serveridentifies the associated NAT device and queries for the device type (orcapabilities). At 804, based on the NAT type, the server creates andsends keep-alive packets. At 806, the NAT device processes the packetsaccordingly, thereby maintaining the connection at the NAT device.

FIG. 9 illustrates a method of switching between packet usage based onsuccess or failure of the connection at the NAT device. At 900, theserver receives a communications request for an internal mobile device.At 902, the server identifies the associated NAT device and queries thedevice for the NAT type (e.g., Type 1 for packet pass-through and/orType 2 for self-destructing packets). At 904, based on the NAT type (orcapabilities), the server selects enhanced packet type (Type 2self-destructing packets) for optimum battery conservation on the mobiledevice and, creates and sends self-destructing keep-alive packets. At906, the NAT device receives and processes the packets for thatconnection, accordingly. At 908, the server monitors the connection anddrops back to the standard packet type (Type 1) based on faultyconnection activity. At 910, the connection is processed based on thestandard packet type where the packets are passed through the NAT deviceto the mobile client. If the client fails to receive a packet, theclient signals the server to keep sending keep-alive packets.

As used in this application, the terms “component” and “system” areintended to refer to a computer-related entity, either hardware, acombination of hardware and software, software, or software inexecution. For example, a component can be, but is not limited to being,a process running on a processor, a processor, a hard disk drive,multiple storage drives (of optical and/or magnetic storage medium), anobject, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or acomputer. By way of illustration, both an application running on aserver and the server can be a component. One or more components canreside within a process and/or thread of execution, and a component canbe localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or morecomputers.

Referring now to FIG. 10, there is illustrated a block diagram of acomputing system 1000 operable to execute keep-alive packet processingin accordance the disclosed architecture. The computing system 1000 canfunction as the keep-alive server that issues the keep-alive packets tomaintain the NAT device state, performs NAT interrogation to determineif the NAT can handle Type 1 or Type 2 processing, and switching betweenthe NAT types, for example. In order to provide additional context forvarious aspects thereof, FIG. 10 and the following discussion areintended to provide a brief, general description of a suitable computingsystem 1000 in which the various aspects can be implemented. While thedescription above is in the general context of computer-executableinstructions that may run on one or more computers, those skilled in theart will recognize that a novel embodiment also can be implemented incombination with other program modules and/or as a combination ofhardware and software.

Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, datastructures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particularabstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciatethat the inventive methods can be practiced with other computer systemconfigurations, including single-processor or multiprocessor computersystems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, as well as personalcomputers, hand-held computing devices, microprocessor-based orprogrammable consumer electronics, and the like, each of which can beoperatively coupled to one or more associated devices.

The illustrated aspects may also be practiced in distributed computingenvironments where certain tasks are performed by remote processingdevices that are linked through a communications network. In adistributed computing environment, program modules can be located inboth local and remote memory storage devices.

A computer typically includes a variety of computer-readable media.Computer-readable media can be any available media that can be accessedby the computer and includes volatile and non-volatile media, removableand non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation,computer-readable media can comprise computer storage media andcommunication media. Computer storage media includes both volatile andnon-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in anymethod or technology for storage of information such ascomputer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules orother data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM,ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digitalvideo disk (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes,magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices,or any other medium which can be used to store the desired informationand which can be accessed by the computer.

With reference again to FIG. 10, the exemplary computing system 1000 forimplementing various aspects includes a computer 1002, the computer 1002including a processing unit 1004, a system memory 1006 and a system bus1008. The system bus 1008 provides an interface for system componentsincluding, but not limited to, the system memory 1006 to the processingunit 1004. The processing unit 1004 can be any of various commerciallyavailable processors. Dual microprocessors and other multi-processorarchitectures may also be employed as the processing unit 1004.

The system bus 1008 can be any of several types of bus structure thatmay further interconnect to a memory bus (with or without a memorycontroller), a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety ofcommercially available bus architectures. The system memory 1006includes read-only memory (ROM) 1010 and random access memory (RAM)1012. A basic input/output system (BIOS) is stored in a non-volatilememory 1010 such as ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, which BIOS contains the basicroutines that help to transfer information between elements within thecomputer 1002, such as during start-up. The RAM 1012 can also include ahigh-speed RAM such as static RAM for caching data.

The computer 1002 further includes an internal hard disk drive (HDD)1014 (e.g., EIDE, SATA), which internal hard disk drive 1014 may also beconfigured for external use in a suitable chassis (not shown), amagnetic floppy disk drive (FDD) 1016, (e.g., to read from or write to aremovable diskette 1018) and an optical disk drive 1020, (e.g., readinga CD-ROM disk 1022 or, to read from or write to other high capacityoptical media such as the DVD). The hard disk drive 1014, magnetic diskdrive 1016 and optical disk drive 1020 can be connected to the systembus 1008 by a hard disk drive interface 1024, a magnetic disk driveinterface 1026 and an optical drive interface 1028, respectively. Theinterface 1024 for external drive implementations includes at least oneor both of Universal Serial Bus (USB) and IEEE 1394 interfacetechnologies.

The drives and their associated computer-readable media providenonvolatile storage of data, data structures, computer-executableinstructions, and so forth. For the computer 1002, the drives and mediaaccommodate the storage of any data in a suitable digital format.Although the description of computer-readable media above refers to aHDD, a removable magnetic diskette, and a removable optical media suchas a CD or DVD, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the artthat other types of media which are readable by a computer, such as zipdrives, magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, cartridges, and thelike, may also be used in the exemplary operating environment, andfurther, that any such media may contain computer-executableinstructions for performing the methods of the disclosed architecture.

A number of program modules can be stored in the drives and RAM 1012,including an operating system 1030, one or more application programs1032, other program modules 1034 and program data 1036. All or portionsof the operating system, applications, modules, and/or data can also becached in the RAM 1012. It is to be appreciated that the disclosedarchitecture can be implemented with various commercially availableoperating systems or combinations of operating systems. The modules caninclude the type component 306 of FIG. 3 and the connection component408 of FIG. 4, for example.

A user can enter commands and information into the computer 1002 throughone or more wired/wireless input devices, for example, a keyboard 1038and a pointing device, such as a mouse 1040. Other input devices (notshown) may include a microphone, an IR remote control, a joystick, agame pad, a stylus pen, touch screen, or the like. These and other inputdevices are often connected to the processing unit 1004 through an inputdevice interface 1042 that is coupled to the system bus 1008, but can beconnected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, an IEEE 1394serial port, a game port, a USB port, an IR interface, etc.

A monitor 1044 or other type of display device is also connected to thesystem bus 1008 via an interface, such as a video adapter 1046. Inaddition to the monitor 1044, a computer typically includes otherperipheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers, printers, etc.

The computer 1002 may operate in a networked environment using logicalconnections via wired and/or wireless communications to one or moreremote computers, such as a remote computer(s) 1048. The remotecomputer(s) 1048 can be a workstation, a server computer, a router, apersonal computer, portable computer, microprocessor-based entertainmentappliance, a peer device or other common network node, and typicallyincludes many or all of the elements described relative to the computer1002, although, for purposes of brevity, only a memory/storage device1050 is illustrated. The logical connections depicted includewired/wireless connectivity to a local area network (LAN) 1052 and/orlarger networks, for example, a wide area network (WAN) 1054. Such LANand WAN networking environments are commonplace in offices andcompanies, and facilitate enterprise-wide computer networks, such asintranets, all of which may connect to a global communications network,for example, the Internet.

When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 1002 isconnected to the local network 1052 through a wired and/or wirelesscommunication network interface or adapter 1056. The adaptor 1056 mayfacilitate wired or wireless communication to the LAN 1052, which mayalso include a wireless access point disposed thereon for communicatingwith the wireless adaptor 1056.

When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 1002 can includea modem 1058, or is connected to a communications server on the WAN1054, or has other means for establishing communications over the WAN1054, such as by way of the Internet. The modem 1058, which can beinternal or external and a wired or wireless device, is connected to thesystem bus 1008 via the serial port interface 1042. In a networkedenvironment, program modules depicted relative to the computer 1002, orportions thereof, can be stored in the remote memory/storage device1050. It will be appreciated that the network connections shown areexemplary and other means of establishing a communications link betweenthe computers can be used.

The computer 1002 is operable to communicate with any wireless devicesor entities operatively disposed in wireless communication, for example,a printer, scanner, desktop and/or portable computer, portable dataassistant, communications satellite, any piece of equipment or locationassociated with a wireles sly detectable tag (e.g., a kiosk, news stand,restroom), and telephone. This includes at least Wi-Fi and Bluetooth™wireless technologies. Thus, the communication can be a predefinedstructure as with a conventional network or simply an ad hoccommunication between at least two devices.

Referring now to FIG. 11, there is illustrated a schematic block diagramof an exemplary computing environment 1100 for keep-alive packetprocessing in accordance the disclosed architecture. The system 1100includes one or more client(s) 1102. The client(s) 1102 can be hardwareand/or software (e.g., threads, processes, computing devices). Theclient(s) 1102 can house cookie(s) and/or associated contextualinformation, for example.

The system 1100 also includes one or more server(s) 1104. The server(s)1104 can also be hardware and/or software (e.g., threads, processes,computing devices). The servers 1104 can house threads to performtransformations by employing the architecture, for example. One possiblecommunication between a client 1102 and a server 1104 can be in the formof a data packet adapted to be transmitted between two or more computerprocesses. The data packet may include a cookie and/or associatedcontextual information, for example. The system 1100 includes acommunication framework 1106 (e.g., a global communication network suchas the Internet) that can be employed to facilitate communicationsbetween the client(s) 1102 and the server(s) 1104.

Communications can be facilitated via a wired (including optical fiber)and/or wireless technology. The client(s) 1102 are operatively connectedto one or more client data store(s) 1108 that can be employed to storeinformation local to the client(s) 1102 (e.g., cookie(s) and/orassociated contextual information). Similarly, the server(s) 1104 areoperatively connected to one or more server data store(s) 1110 that canbe employed to store information local to the servers 1104.

The clients 1102 can include wired and/or wireless mobile-capableclients such as cell phones, smart phones, portable computers, and thelike. The communications framework 1106 can include note only theInternet, but cellular networks to which the clients 1102 desire tocommunicate.

What has been described above includes examples of the disclosedarchitecture. It is, of course, not possible to describe everyconceivable combination of components and/or methodologies, but one ofordinary skill in the art may recognize that many further combinationsand permutations are possible. Accordingly, the novel architecture isintended to embrace all such alterations, modifications and variationsthat fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.Furthermore, to the extent that the term “includes” is used in eitherthe detailed description or the claims, such term is intended to beinclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising” as “comprising”is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim.

1. A system that facilitates connection management, comprising: aboundary component that maintains a connection between a private clientof an internal network and an external network, the boundary componentincludes a processor that executes instructions stored in memory; and anetwork component of the external network that sends a keep-alive packetto the boundary component, the boundary component maintains theconnection to the private client based on the keep-alive packet, thekeep-alive packet configured to self-destruct before reaching theprivate client.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein network component is aserver of the external network that sends the keep-alive packet to theboundary component to reset a keep-alive timeout counter thereof.
 3. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the private client does not respond to thenetwork component after receiving the keep-alive packet.
 4. The systemof claim 1, wherein the private client responds to the network componentwhen the keep-alive packet is not received at the private client.
 5. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the boundary component processes an enhancedkeep-alive packet that employs a time-to-live (TTL) value based ontransit time to the private client so that the keep-alive packet isdropped before reaching the private client.
 6. The system of claim 1,wherein the private client is a mobile client or a wireless computingdevice.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the boundary componentincludes network address translation for translating an IP address ofthe external network to an internal IP address of the internal network.8. The system of claim 1, wherein the boundary component receiveskeep-alive packets only from the network component.
 9. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the keep-alive packet sent by the network componentincludes a protocol number, a source IP address, a source port number, adestination IP address, and a destination port number.
 10. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the network component is a communications server thatfacilitates communications for the private client, which is anIP-capable cell phone, the communications server interrogates theboundary component for enhanced keep-alive packet processing capability.11. A method of managing a communications connection, comprising actsof: establishing the communications connection between an externalnetwork and a wireless device of an internal network via a networkboundary device; receiving a keep-alive packet from the external networkinto the network boundary component; resetting a connection timer whenthe keep-alive packet is received; and maintaining the communicationsconnection between the external network and the wireless device via thenetwork boundary component based on receipt of the keep-alive packetonly from the external network.
 12. The method of claim 11, furthercomprising receiving a response from the wireless device when thekeep-alive packet is not received at the wireless device.
 13. The methodof claim 11, further comprising computing a time-to-live (TTL) valuebased on transit time of the keep-alive packet to the network boundarydevice and setting the TTL value in the keep-alive packet for droppingthe packet.
 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising configuringthe keep-alive packet to include an nTTL value which when processed bythe network boundary component terminates the keep-alive packet at theboundary component such that the wireless device does not receive thekeep-alive packet.
 15. The method of claim 11, further comprisinginterrogating the network boundary component, which is a NAT router, todetermine if the router can handle enhanced keep-alive packet processingthat drops the keep-alive packet before reaching the wireless client.16. The method of claim 11, further comprising monitoring thecommunications connection of the network boundary component based onutilization of an enhanced keep-alive packet processing mode, andautomatically changing to a standard keep-alive packet processing modebased on reduced quality in connection state.
 17. The method of claim11, further comprising managing multiple connections of the boundarycomponent concurrently by receiving keep-alive packets from the externalnetwork to maintain state of corresponding connections.
 18. A system,comprising: means for establishing a communications connection between apublic network and a mobile client of a private network; means forsending keep-alive packets to the means for establishing thecommunications connection; means for resetting a connection timer whenthe keep-alive packet is received; means for maintaining thecommunications connection between the external network and the mobileclient via the means for establishing the communications connectionbased on receipt of the keep-alive packet only from the means forsending keep-alive packets; and processor means that executescomputer-executable instructions associated with at least one of themeans for establishing, sending, resetting, or maintaining.
 19. Thesystem of claim 18, further comprising means for configuring thekeep-alive packets to terminate before reaching the mobile client. 20.The system of claim 18, wherein the mobile client sends a negativeacknowledgment when a keep-alive packet is not received.